Suggestions for Adapting Recipes:

Milk - nut milk,  coconut milk
Butter - olive oil, bacon grease, coconut oil
Yogurt - coconut milk
Sour cream - chilled coconut milk combined with a few drops of lemon juice
Whip cream - chilled coconut milk flavored with a bit of honey or orange
zest

Vinegar - small amounts can be substituted with lemon or lime juice.  As a
general rule, tomato recipes such as salsa would use lime juice, fruit
recipes would use lemon juice.
Cider vinegar - apple juice

Alcohol - sometimes very hard to adapt.  In some cases the alcohol can
simply be deleted altogether.  Or depending on the recipe, substituted with
chicken or beef broth..  Juice would  also be an alternative, grape, orange
or apple.  In some cases a combination of both broth and juice.

White sugar - using half the amount called for, substitute honey
Brown sugar - using half the amount called for, substitute maple syrup
Molasses - honey or maple syrup

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Other Substitutions:

1 teaspoon dried herbs for 1 tablespoon fresh herbs

1 tablespoon instant minced onion, rehydrated, to replace 1 small fresh
onion

1/8 teaspoon garlic powder instead of 1 small pressed clove of garlic

substitute 2 tablespoons of flour or 1 tablespoon cornstarch for 1
tablespoon of arrowroot to use as a thickening agent

mix 1/2 cup tomato sauce with 1/2 cup of water to make 1 cup tomato juice

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Approximate Measurements:

1 lemon = 3 tablespoons juice
1 lemon =1 teaspoon grated peel
1 orange =1/3 cup juice
1 orange =2 teaspoons grated peel
1 pound unshelled walnuts = 11/2 to 13/4 cups shelled
1 pound unshelled almonds = 3/4 to 1 cup shelled
8 to 10 egg whites = 1 cup
12 to 14 egg yolk = 1 cup

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Equivalents:

3 tsp. = 1 tbsp.
2 tbsp. = 1/8 c.
4 tbsp = 1/4 c.
8 tbsp. = 1/2 c.
16 tbsp. = 1 c.
5 tbsp. + 1 tsp. = 1/3 c.
12 tbsp. = 3/4 c.
4 oz. = 1/2 c.
8 oz. = 1 c.
5/8 c. = 1/2 c. + 2 tbsp.
7/8 c. = 3/4 c. + 2 tbsp.
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 oz. = 2 tbsp. fat or liquid
2 c. fat = 1 lb.
2 c. = 1 pt.
2 pt. = 1 qt.
1 qt. = 4 c.
a few grains = less than 1/8 tsp.
pinch is as much as can be taken between tip of finger and thumb
speck = less than 1/8 tsp.

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Metric Conversion:

1 tsp. = 4.9 cc
1 tbsp. = 14.7 cc
1/3 c. = 28.9 cc
1/8 c. = 29.5 cc
1/4 c. = 59.1 cc
1/2 c. = 118.3 cc
3/4 c. = 177.5 cc
1 c. = 236.7 cc
2 c. = 473.4 cc
1 fl. oz  =  29.5 cc
4 oz. = 118.3 cc
8 oz. = 236.7 cc
1 pt. = 473.4 cc
1 qt. = .946 liters
1 gal. = 3.7 liters

1 dry oz. = 28.3 grams
1 lb. = .454 kilograms

From: Patti Vincent